AI in Medicine: Future Clinicians and Digital Twins

Artificial intelligence (AI) is moving from the research lab into the clinical world, where it is beginning to shape how healthcare professionals are trained, how decisions are made, and how treatments are planned. This AI+X session explores what these changes mean for medicine through two complementary perspectives: future clinicians and digital twins. The first part focuses on the next generation of healthcare professionals. In dentistry and orthopedic surgery, AI is already opening new possibilities for diagnosis, image analysis, simulation, surgical planning, and clinical education. Yet the central question is not whether AI will replace clinicians, but how clinicians can learn to work with AI critically, responsibly, and effectively. What new skills will future dentists and surgeons need? How can AI strengthen precision and confidence while preserving human judgment, empathy, and accountability? The second part turns to digital twins: dynamic, data-informed models that can represent aspects of a patient, an organ, a treatment pathway, or, in the future, even a whole person. In orthopedics and beyond, digital twins could help clinicians forecast outcomes, personalize interventions, test scenarios virtually, and better understand complex patient trajectories. A future with digital twins of whole persons points toward even more personalized, predictive, and adaptive medicine. Together, the session offers a forward-looking conversation and critical reflection on how AI is already changing clinical expertise and patient care, and how it may further transform the relationship between data, prediction, and human decision-making in medicine.